Anti-Inflammation and Protective Effects of Anethum graveolens L. (Dill Seeds) on Esophageal Mucosa Damages in Reflux Esophagitis-Induced Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Extraction
2.2. Chemical for HPLC Analysis
2.3. HPLC Analysis of Anethum graveolens L. Seeds (AGS)
2.4. Cell Culture
2.5. Cell Cytotoxicity and Morphological Changes
2.6. Nitric Oxide (NO) Production
2.7. Inflammatory Cytokines Analysis
2.8. Inflammatory Proteins Analysis
2.9. Immunofluorescence Assay
2.10. Animal Management
2.11. Reflux Esophagitis Rat Model
2.12. Ratio of Esophageal Mucosa Damages
2.13. Morphological Analysis in Esophgeal Mucosa
2.14. Extraction of Esophageal Tissue Proteins
2.15. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cell Morphological Changes
3.2. Cytotoxicity and Nitrite Oxide (NO) Production
3.3. Inflammatory Cytokines Production
3.4. Expression of Inflammatory Proteins
3.5. Phosphorylation of NF-kB and Ikba
3.6. Immunofluorescensce Assay of NF-kB Nuclear Transfer
3.7. Esophageal Mucosal Damages Induced by Gastric Contents Reflux
3.8. Histological Changes
3.9. Expression of Inflammatory Proteins in Esophageal Mucosa
3.10. Phytochemistry and Functional Properties of Anethum graveolens L. Seeds (AGS)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Mohammed, F.A.; Elkady, A.I.; Syed, F.Q.; Mirza, M.B.; Hakeem, K.R.; Alkarim, S. Anethum graveolens (dill)—A medicinal herb induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HepG2 cell line. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2018, 219, 15–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Talebi, F.; Malchi, F.; Abedi, P.; Jahanfar, S. Effect of dill (Anethum graveolens Linn) seed on the duration of labor: A systematic review. Complement Ther. Clin. Pract. 2020, 41, 101251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Badar, N.; Arshad, M.; Farooq, U. Characteristics of Anethum graveolens (umbelliferae) seed oil: Extraction, composition and antimicrobial activity. Int. J. Agri. Biol. 2008, 10, 329–332. [Google Scholar]
- Li, Z.; Xue, Y.; Li, M.; Guo, Q.; Sang, Y.; Wang, C.; Luo, C. The antioxidation of different fractions of Dill (Anethum graveolens) and their influences on cytokines in macrophages RAW264.7. J. Oleo. Sci. 2018, 67, 1535–1541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chen, Y.; Zeng, H.; Tian, J.; Ban, X.; Ma, B.; Wang, Y. Antifungal mechanism of essential oil from Anethum graveolens seeds against Candida albicans. J. Med. Microbiol. 2013, 62, 1175–1183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hosseinzadeh, H.; Karimi, G.R.; Ameri, M. Effects of Anethum graveolens L. seed extracts on experimental gastric irritation models in mice. BMC Pharmacol. 2002, 2, 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eshwar, S.K.R.; Jain, V.; Manvi, S.; Kohli, S.; Bhatia, S. Comparison of Dill seed oil mouth rinse and chlorhexidine mouth rinse on plaque levels and gingivitis—A double blind randomized clinical trial. Open Dent. J. 2016, 10, 207–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kaur, N.; Chahal, K.K.; Kumar, A.; Singh, R.; Bhardwaj, U. Antioxidant activity of Anethum graveolens L. essential oil constituents and their chemical analogues. J. Food Biochem. 2019, 43, e12782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Velioglu, Y.S.; Mazza, G.; Gao, L.; Oomah, B.D. Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain products. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46, 4113–4117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, H.; Tian, J.; Zheng, Y.; Ban, X.; Zeng, J.; Mao, Y.; Wang, Y. In vitro and in vivo activities of essential oil from the seed of Anethum graveolens L. against Candida spp. Evid. Base Complement Alternat. Med. 2011, 659704. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Naseri, M.; Mojab, F.; Khodadoost, M.; Kamalinejad, M.; Davati, A.; Choopani, R.; Hasheminejad, A.; Bararpoor, Z.; Shariatpanahi, S.; Emtiazy, M. The study of anti-inflammatory activity of oil-based Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) extract used topically in formalin-induced inflammation male rat paw. Iran J. Pharm. Res. 2012, 11, 1169–1174. [Google Scholar]
- Schepp, W.; Steffen, B.; Ruoff, H.J.; Schusdziarra, V.; Classen, M. Modulation of rat gastric mucosal prostaglandin E2 release by dietary linoleic acid: Effects on gastric acid secretion and stress-induced mucosal damage. Gastroenterology 1988, 95, 18–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shimoyama, A.T.; Santin, J.R.; Machado, I.D.; de Oliveira e Silva, A.M.; de Melo, I.L.; Mancini-Filho, J.; Farsky, S.H. Antiulcerogenic activity of chlorogenic acid in different models of gastric ulcer. Naunyn. Schmiedebergs. Arch. Pharmacol. 2013, 386, 5–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Souza, M.C.; Vieira, A.J.; Beserra, F.P.; Pellizzon, C.H.; Nóbrega, R.H.; Rozza, A.L. Gastroprotective effect of limonene in rats: Influence on oxidative stress, inflammation and gene expression. Phytomedicine 2019, 53, 37–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodarzi, M.T.; Khodadadi, I.; Tavilani, H.; Oshaghi, E.A. The role of Anethum graveolens L. (Dill) in the management of diabetes. J. Trop. Med. 2016, 2016, 1098916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fullerton, J.N.; Gilroy, D.W. Resolution of inflammation: A new therapeutic frontier. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2016, 15, 551–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, T.Y.; Ju, J.M.; Mo, L.H.; Ma, L.; Hu, W.H.; You, R.R.; Chen, X.Q.; Chen, Y.Y.; Liu, Z.Q.; Qiu, S.Q.; et al. Anti-inflammation action of xanthones from Swertia chirayita by regulating COX-2/NF-κB/MAPKs/Akt signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Phytomedicine 2019, 55, 214–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Diakos, C.I.; Charles, K.A.; McMillan, D.C.; Clarke, S.J.; Charles, K.A.; McMillan, D.C.; Clarke, S.J. Cancer-related inflammation and treatment effectiveness. Lancet Oncol. 2014, 15, 493–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kellerman, R.; Kintanar, T. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Prim. Care 2017, 44, 561–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Surdea-Blaga, T.; Negrutiu, D.E.; Palage, M.; Dumitrascu, D.L. Food and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Curr. Med. Chem. 2019, 26, 3497–3511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mikami, D.J.; Murayama, K.M. Physiology and pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Surg. Clin. N. Am. 2015, 95, 515–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, J.T.; Brady, P. Gastroesophageal reflux disease pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Gastroenterol. Nurs. 2019, 42, 20–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Díaz-Gonzále, F. NSAIDs: Learning new tricks from old drugs. Eur. J. Immunol. 2015, 45, 679–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Haley, R.M.; von Recum, H.A. Localized and targeted delivery of NSAIDs for treatment of inflammation: A review. Exp. Biol. Med. 2019, 244, 433–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tsai, W.H.; Yang, C.C.; Li, P.C.; Chen, W.C.; Chien, C.T. Therapeutic potential of traditional chinese medicine on inflammatory diseases. J. Tradit. Complement Med. 2013, 3, 142–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kim, H.S.; Moon, B.C.; Yang, S.G.; Song, J.H.; Chun, J.M.; Kwon, B.I.; Lee, A.Y. Determination of fatty acids in the seeds of Lepidium apetalum Willdenow, Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl, and Draba nemorosa L. by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with a charged aerosol detector. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2019, 42, 128–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sandhu, D.S.; Fass, R. Current Trends in the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Gut Liver 2018, 15, 7–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Baskaran, A.; Chua, K.H.; Sabaratnam, V.; Ram, M.R.; Kuppusamy, U.R. Pleurotus giganteus (Berk. Karun & Hyde), the giant oyster mushroom inhibits NO production in LPS/H2O2 stimulated RAW 264.7 cells via STAT 3 and COX-2 pathways. BMC Complement Altern. Med. 2017, 17, 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wei, X.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, R.; Wu, R.; Si, D.; Ahmad, B.; Petitte, J.N.; Mozdziak, P.E.; Li, Z.; Guo, H.; et al. A highly efficient hybrid peptide ameliorates intestinal inflammation and mucosal barrier damage by neutralizing lipopolysaccharides and antagonizing the lipopolysaccharide-receptor interaction. FASEB J. 2020, 34, 16049–16072. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Y.; Shi, X.; Zheng, X.; Nie, S.; Xu, X. Inhibition of dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice by baker’s yeast polysaccharides. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 207, 371–381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hwang, K.A.; Heo, W.; Hwang, H.J.; Han, B.K.; Song, M.C.; Kim, Y.J. Anti-Inflammatory effect of immature sword bean pod (Canavalia gladiata) in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 Cells. J. Med. Food 2020, 23, 1183–1191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.T.; Dai, Q.; Zhang, S.X.; Liu, Y.J.; Yu, Q.Q.; Tan, F.; Lu, S.H.; Wang, Q.; Chen, J.W.; Huang, H.Q.; et al. Ulinastatin attenuates LPS-induced inflammation in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells by inhibiting the JNK/NF-κB signaling pathway and activating the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway. Acta. Pharmacol. Sin. 2018, 39, 1294–1304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, C.; You, L.; Yin, X.; Liu, Y.; Leng, X.; Wang, W.; Sai, N.; Ni, J. Heterophyllin B ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 macrophages by suppressing the PI3K/Akt pathways. Molecules 2018, 23, 717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Giridharan, S.; Srinivasan, M. Mechanisms of NF-κB p65 and strategies for therapeutic manipulation. J. Inflamm. Res. 2018, 11, 407–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xu, J.; Zhang, Q.; Li, Z.; Gao, Y.; Pang, Z.; Wu, Y.; Li, G.; Lu, D.; Zhang, L.; Li, D. Astragalus polysaccharides attenuate ovalbumin-induced allergic rhinitis in rats by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NOD2-mediated NF- κ B activation. J. Med. Food 2021, 24, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kawai, T.; Akira, S. Signaling to NF-κB by Toll-like receptors. Trends Mol. Med. 2007, 13, 460–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Souza, R.F.; Huo, X.; Mittal, V.; Schuler, C.M.; Carmack, S.W.; Zhang, H.Y.; Zhang, X.; Yu, C.; Hormi-Carver, K.; Genta, R.M.; et al. Gastroesophageal reflux might cause esophagitis through a cytokine-mediated mechanism rather than caustic acid injury. Gastroenterology 2009, 137, 1776–1784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huo, X.; Agoston, A.T.; Dunbar, K.B.; Cipher, D.J.; Zhang, X.; Yu, C.; Cheng, E.; Zhang, Q.; Pham, T.H.; Tambar, U.K.; et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha plays a role in mediating oesophagitis in GORD. Gut 2017, 66, 1542–1554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jabri, M.A.; Tounsi, H.; Rtibi, K.; Marzouki, L.; Sakly, M.; Sebai, H. Ameliorative and antioxidant effects of myrtle berry seed (Myrtus communis) extract during reflux-induced esophagitis in rats. Pharm. Biol. 2016, 54, 1575–1585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Che, D.; Zhang, S.; Jing, Z.; Shang, L.; Jin, S.; Liu, F.; Shen, J.; Li, Y.; Hu, J.; Meng, Q.; et al. Macrophages induce EMT to promote invasion of lung cancer cells through the IL-6-mediated COX-2/PGE 2/β-catenin signaling pathway. Mol. Immunol. 2017, 90, 197–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Z.; Wu, X.; Zhang, L.; Mao, A.; Ma, X.; He, D. Menthol relieves acid reflux inflammation by regulating TRPV1 in esophageal epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2020, 525, 113–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Akshay, B.; Martin, D.; Kay, R.-M.; Rohith, T.; Anthony, N.; Mutukumira, H.S. Chlorogenic Acid Potentiates the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Curcumin in LPS-Stimulated THP-1 Cells. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2706. [Google Scholar]
- Dipasquale, D.; Basiricò, L.; Morera, P.; Primi, R.; Tröscher, A.; Bernabucci, U. Anti-inflammatory effects of conjugated linoleic acid isomers and essential fatty acids in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Animal 2018, 12, 2108–2114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saiki, P.; Kawano, Y.; Van Griensven, L.J.L.D.; Miyazaki, K. The anti-inflammatory effect of Agaricus brasiliensis is partly due to its linoleic acid content. Food Funct. 2017, 8, 4150–4158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Nam, H.-H.; Nan, L.; Choo, B.-K. Anti-Inflammation and Protective Effects of Anethum graveolens L. (Dill Seeds) on Esophageal Mucosa Damages in Reflux Esophagitis-Induced Rats. Foods 2021, 10, 2500. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102500
Nam H-H, Nan L, Choo B-K. Anti-Inflammation and Protective Effects of Anethum graveolens L. (Dill Seeds) on Esophageal Mucosa Damages in Reflux Esophagitis-Induced Rats. Foods. 2021; 10(10):2500. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102500
Chicago/Turabian StyleNam, Hyeon-Hwa, Li Nan, and Byung-Kil Choo. 2021. "Anti-Inflammation and Protective Effects of Anethum graveolens L. (Dill Seeds) on Esophageal Mucosa Damages in Reflux Esophagitis-Induced Rats" Foods 10, no. 10: 2500. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10102500